1 Vinyl 2 Pyrrolidone 616-45-5

2-Pyrrolidone is produced industrially almost exclusively by treating aqueous gamma-butyrolactone with ammonia at a temperature of 250–290 °C and pressures ranging from 0.4–1.4 MPa over solid magnesium silicate catalysts.

Reaction of γ-butyrolactone with ammonia to form 2-pyrrolidone (γ-butyrolactam) and water in the presence of a solid magnesium silicate catalyst

The reaction is carried out in a tubular reactor which is packed with the solid catalyst. The latter is arranged as a fixed bed and the reaction is carried out in the vapor phase. Product yields of 75–85% are reached. After subsequent distillation and purification, the desired 2-pyrrolidone is obtained with a purity of 99.5%.

Alternative routes include the catalytic or electrochemical reduction of succinimide, the carbonylation of allylamine,[4] the hydrogenation of succinonitrile under hydrolytic conditions, and the reaction of maleic or succinic anhydride in aqueous ammonia with Pd–Ru-catalysts.

In 2010, the worldwide demand for 2-pyrrolidone was estimated to be 32.000 t. Important manufacturers of 2-pyrrolidone are BASF and ISP (International Speciality Products, now Ashland Inc.).

Production of 2-pyrrolidone from hydrocyanic acid and acrylonitrile Hydrocyanic acid (HCN) reacts with acrylonitrile (AN) to produce 2-pyrrolidone. The reaction process is as follows:

1) HCN and AN react with triethylamine as a catalyst to produce succinonitrile. The reaction is carried out at atmospheric pressure and about 70°C, and the yield of succinonitrile is as high as 97%.

2) Succinonitrile is partially hydrogenated to aminobutyronitrile. The reaction uses nickel as a hydrogenation catalyst, a total pressure of 14.0 MPa, a temperature of 80~100°C, and liquid ammonia as a solvent. The conversion rate of succinonitrile is close to 100%, and the selectivity of aminobutyronitrile is 85%.

γ-aminobutyronitrile undergoes hydrolysis and cyclization to produce 2-pyrrolidone. The reaction is carried out in a plug flow system at a temperature of 210°C. The nitrile conversion rate and product selectivity are both close to 100%.

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